Central banks have little room for error in a low-growth world in which over-stretched and commodity-dependent emerging economies and a slowing China are major risks, top international financiers told the International Monetary Fund's meeting.

The world is stuck in a "new mediocre" growth pattern, IMF chief Christine Lagarde said on Thursday, and that despite the $US7 trillion ($9.6 trillion) in quantitative easing measures from banks in industrial nations since the global financial crisis.

In a bid to shore up finances and punish companies that exploit differences in tax regimes, governments pushed ahead with plans to improve tax collection.

The IMF meeting comes as the Bank of Japan looks poised to extend its money printing program, known as quantitative easing, as it stares down the barrel of a fifth year of recession.

The European Central Bank is also expected to extend quantitative easing, while the two major central banks closest to raising rates, the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, are holding their fire.

"It is not the kind of economy in which you can make a mistake," Bank of England Governor Mark Carney told the meeting.

For both the Fed and the Bank of England, inflation targets are far out of reach, although both central banks insist they are ready to hike rates. The Fed's chair, Janet Yellen, has said the US central bank is on track to raise rates this year.

Markets, however, are not pricing in hikes until next year for both.

The IMF has urged the Fed and the Japanese and European central banks to wait for more signs of recovery before tightening. Lagarde on Thursday repeated her plea to Yellen to stay her hand.

Emerging turmoil

Many emerging markets, once the world's fastest-growing economies which had been expected to shape a new world economic order, are now in turmoil. Brazil, Latin America's largest economy, is facing a leadership crisis and is in recession. Russia is engaged in conflicts in Ukraine, and Syria has been hammered by low oil prices.

China's growth is slowing, although Lagarde was optimistic that the slowdown was manageable.

While the world's central banks' money-printing programs have staunched losses in the financial sector, they have failed to reach their goal of boosting global credit.

With widening current account balances and excessive lending to local companies, the IMF estimates that emerging market companies have over-borrowed by the equivalent of 15 per cent of their economic output, raising the risk of a sudden collapse in credit and of banking crises.

The IMF cut its estimate for growth in emerging economies for a fifth successive year this week, citing the collapse of the "commodities supercycle" in which buoyant demand for raw materials had boosted prices.

From a record of $US145 per barrel in 2008, oil prices have fallen to around $US50, driving holes in the budgets of major producers like Russia and Angola, among emerging economies.

Brazilian Finance Minister Joaquim Levy called for cash-rich pension funds and institutions to invest in infrastructure projects, although few seem willing to do so as returns are uncertain in a low-demand world with the risk of financial contagion.

"There are plenty of savings in the world," he told the IMF meeting.

Risks of permanent damage

Lagarde repeated the IMF's mantra for structural economic reforms and for those countries with the room to raise spending to do so. However, that appears politically impossible in the euro zone, while in the United States, Congress is deeply divided.

Eurogroup Chairman Jeroen Dijsselbloem shrugged off dire predictions on future growth, at least for Europe, and said policies there were working.

"Already this year, except for Greece, all euro-zone countries will have returned to growth," Dijsselbloem said.

His comments came after a stark message from former US Treasury Secretary Larry Summers, who has long warned of the risks of "secular stagnation," or permanent damage to growth. Summers chided policymakers for relying on the same old tools to boost demand.

"Traditional approaches of focusing on sound government finance, increased supply potential and the avoidance of inflation court disaster," he wrote in editorials published to coincide with the IMF conference.

"Moreover, the world's principal tool for dealing with contraction - monetary policy - is largely played out."

Taxing multi-nationals

The G20 group of leading emerging and developed economies is also pushing at the IMF meeting to move ahead with measures to end a situation that allows multi-national companies such as Apple and Vodafone to pay almost no tax on their profits in many jurisdictions.

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates the amount of money moved by companies into tax havens was $US100 billion to $US240 billion annually, suggesting tens of billions of dollars in lost tax revenue.

That would be a tiny amount relative to the size of budget deficits across the world.

US Treasury Secretary Jack Lew urged countries to cooperate on higher standards.

"The question here is on base erosion in taxes. Will countries agree to have a high standard or will we revert to a system where there is a race to the bottom?" Lew said.

Reuters